{"id":3326,"date":"2023-05-12T22:04:17","date_gmt":"2023-05-13T02:04:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.yvancliche.org\/?p=3326"},"modified":"2023-05-12T22:04:17","modified_gmt":"2023-05-13T02:04:17","slug":"geopolitique-des-energies-40-fiches-illustrees-pour-comprendre-le-monde","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.yvancliche.org\/?p=3326","title":{"rendered":"G\u00e9opolitique des \u00e9nergies: 40 fiches illustr\u00e9es pour comprendre le monde"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

BOOK REVIEW<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u00ab\u00a0G\u00e9opolitique des \u00e9nergies: 40 fiches illustr\u00e9es pour comprendre le monde<\/a>\u00ab\u00a0
by Emmanuel Hache, EYROLLES\/May 2022<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reviewed by Yvan Cliche<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Site web CGAI<\/a>, 12 mai 2023

The geopolitics of energy, which has been largely ignored in recent years, is back in the spotlight with the energy crisis of 2022, described by the International Energy Agency as the worst in modern history.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Europe, 2022 was also a memorable year, with rising energy prices and strong government interventions to mitigate the effects on household budgets.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the first publications on the geopolitics of energy in this post-2022 era comes from France. The book by Emmanuel Hache, researcher at the Institut de relations internationales et strat\u00e9giques (IRIS, Paris), one of the main French researchers on this issue, provides a great overview of our new energy landscape.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The book is divided into four sections: the current energy outlook; energy superpowers; economic and institutional regulations in the sector; and prospects and perspectives. The four sections contain 40 fact sheets, each two pages long.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition to these fact sheets, the author adds three complementary elements: a paragraph entitled \u201cFocus\u201d on a specific issue; a paragraph called \u201cTo Remember\u201d; and a graphic illustration (map, graph or table). This information is useful for a quick overview of the topic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The author notes that the geopolitics of energy will become \u201cgeological geopolitics\u201d as the transition will depend on increased needs for critical minerals (for batteries, wind and solar farms). Herein lies the risk that our future way of life will slide from a dependency on fossil fuels to dependency on another type of fuel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The author also notes that the transition is not yet an actual transition. We should instead talk about energy addition: even if oil counts less than before in the world energy mix, its consumption in volume increased by 75 per cent between 1973 and 2019. The rising development of renewable resources is a complement, not a replacement, to fossil fuels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hache highlights gas\u2019s breakthrough into the energy mix and its internationalization, thanks to liquefied natural gas becoming a global commodity, just like oil. China\u2019s rise is also detailed: between 2005 and 2020, nearly 35 per cent of Chinese direct investment abroad was related to coal, oil and gas production.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The U.S. has seen the same growing influence in the energy field. Thanks to shale oil and gas, oil and gas production in the U.S. has almost tripled in the last 10 years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The book touches on nuclear power, the Gulf countries and their efforts to diversify their economies, and the development of a hydrogen economy and its implications for geopolitics. Much less impactful than oil, the hydrogen sector will likely be developed through an \u201caddition of regional markets,\u201d Hache writes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The last chapter talks about the \u201cgeopolitics of energy sobriety.\u201d The word \u201csobriety\u201d has become trendy in Europe. Hache writes that the transition will face some resistance because it will likely be costly and thus needs a high level of societal acceptability. Hence the interest in moderating our consumption of energy and minerals, which could even become an influential factor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hache writes: \u201c… effective means of moderating our energy and materials footprints (…) can constitute a powerful tool of national policy (…) and also constitute a factor of attractiveness for state actors. (…) The better quality of life that sobriety can bring could constitute a powerful factor of international leadership.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The book provides a good overview of the world energy landscape as well as the major trends that will define its contours over the next few years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

\u00ab\u00a0G\u00e9opolitique des \u00e9nergies: 40 fiches illustr\u00e9es pour comprendre le monde<\/a>\u00ab\u00a0
par Emmanuel Hache
EYROLLES\/Mai 2022<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Revu par Yvan Cliche<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Passablement ignor\u00e9e ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es, la g\u00e9opolitique des \u00e9nergies revient \u00e0 l\u2019avant-sc\u00e8ne avec la profonde crise \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique de 2022, qualifi\u00e9e par l\u2019Agence internationale de l\u2019\u00e9nergie comme la pire de l\u2019histoire moderne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En Europe, cette ann\u00e9e 2022 aura aussi \u00e9t\u00e9 m\u00e9morable, avec la hausse des prix de l\u2019\u00e9nergie et les interventions muscl\u00e9es des gouvernements pour en att\u00e9nuer les effets sur le budget des m\u00e9nages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u2019est de France que nous vient un des premiers livres sur la g\u00e9opolitique des \u00e9nergies en cette \u00e8re post-2022. Le livre de Emmanuel Hache, chercheur \u00e0 l\u2019Institut de relations internationales et strat\u00e9giques (IRIS, Paris), un des principaux chercheurs fran\u00e7ais sur cette question, a le grand m\u00e9rite de faire un \u00e9tat des lieux ce secteur en pleine transformation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le livre se divise en quatre parties : le paysage \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique actuel ; les puissances \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques mondiales ; les r\u00e9gulations \u00e9conomiques et institutionnelles dans le secteur ; et les perspectives et prospectives \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques mondiales.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ces quatre sections renferment 40 fiches, chacune d\u2019une longueur de deux pages. En compl\u00e9ment de chacune de ces fiches, l\u2019auteur ajoute trois \u00e9l\u00e9ments : un paragraphe intitul\u00e9 Focus<\/em> portant sur un enjeu sp\u00e9cifique ; un paragraphe \u00c0 retenir<\/em> ; et une illustration graphique (carte, graphique ou tableau).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ces informations se compl\u00e8tent bien et sont utiles pour un aper\u00e7u rapide du sujet abord\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019auteur note que la transition fera bouger la g\u00e9opolitique de l\u2019\u00e9nergie vers une \u00ab g\u00e9opolitique g\u00e9ologique \u00bb, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que la transition s\u2019appuie sur des besoins accrus en min\u00e9raux critiques (batteries, parcs \u00e9oliens et solaires). D\u2019o\u00f9 le risque que notre mode de vie glisse d\u2019une d\u00e9pendance aux \u00e9nergies fossiles \u00e0 une autre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019auteur note aussi que la transition n\u2019en est pas encore une. On devrait plut\u00f4t parler d\u2019addition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique : m\u00eame si le p\u00e9trole compte moins qu\u2019auparavant dans le mix \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique mondial, il reste que sa consommation en volume a augment\u00e9 de 75 % entre 1973 et 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Emmanuel Hache met la lumi\u00e8re sur la perc\u00e9e du gaz dans le mix \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique et son internationalisation, gr\u00e2ce au gaz naturel liqu\u00e9fi\u00e9 : le gaz est donc devenu une commodit\u00e9 mondiale, au m\u00eame titre que le p\u00e9trole. La mont\u00e9e en puissance de la Chine est \u00e9galement mise en relief : entre 2005 et 2020, pr\u00e8s de 35 % des investissements directs chinois \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger ont trait \u00e0 la production de charbon, de p\u00e9trole ou de gaz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame mont\u00e9e en puissance des \u00c9tats-Unis qui, gr\u00e2ce aux p\u00e9trole et gaz de schiste, a vu sa production de p\u00e9trole et gaz a \u00e9t\u00e9 multipli\u00e9 par 2,5 depuis 10 ans.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

De courtes analyses touchent aussi le nucl\u00e9aire, les pays du Golfe mais aussi le d\u00e9veloppement d\u2019une \u00e9conomie de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne et ses implications en mati\u00e8re de g\u00e9opolitique de l\u2019\u00e9nergie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le dernier chapitre est unique : la g\u00e9opolitique de la sobri\u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique, la sobri\u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tant \u00e0 la mode en Europe. Le chercheur \u00e9crit que la transition devrait affronter quelques r\u00e9sistances, car co\u00fbteuse et devant obtenir un haut niveau d\u2019acceptabilit\u00e9 sociale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u2019o\u00f9 l\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat d\u2019une certaine \u00ab mod\u00e9ration \u00bb dans la consommation d\u2019\u00e9nergie et de min\u00e9raux : consommer raisonnablement pourrait m\u00eame devenir un atout de l\u2019influence futur des \u00c9tats.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il \u00e9crit : \u00ab\u2026 des moyens efficaces de mod\u00e9ration de nos empreintes \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques et de mat\u00e9riaux (\u2026) peuvent constituer un socle puissant de politique nationale (\u2026) et aussi constituer un facteur d\u2019attractivit\u00e9 des \u00c9tats.<\/em> (\u2026) Le mieux-vivre d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 par la sobri\u00e9t\u00e9 pourrait constituer un facteur puissant de leadership international.<\/em> \u00bb<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9sultat de ce tour d\u2019horizon est convaincant. Ce petit bouquin permet de mieux appr\u00e9hender l\u2019\u00e9tat actuel du monde de l\u2019\u00e9nergie et les vastes bouleversements qui y ont cours.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economics<\/a> Security<\/a> Global<\/a> Environment & Energy<\/a> Natural Resources<\/a> Critical Minerals<\/a> Book Review<\/a> Yvan Cliche<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

BOOK REVIEW \u00ab\u00a0G\u00e9opolitique des \u00e9nergies: 40 fiches illustr\u00e9es pour comprendre le monde\u00ab\u00a0by Emmanuel Hache, EYROLLES\/May 2022 Reviewed by Yvan Cliche Site web CGAI, 12 mai 2023 The geopolitics of energy, which has been largely ignored in recent years, is back in the spotlight with the energy crisis of 2022, described by the International Energy Agency as […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[906],"class_list":["post-3326","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-critique_de_livres","tag-transition-energetique-emmanuel-hache-geopolitique"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.yvancliche.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3326","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.yvancliche.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.yvancliche.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.yvancliche.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.yvancliche.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3326"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.yvancliche.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3326\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3327,"href":"https:\/\/www.yvancliche.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3326\/revisions\/3327"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.yvancliche.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3326"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.yvancliche.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3326"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.yvancliche.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3326"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}